Table 1 Availability of energy resources and utilization [78]
From: Energy and CO2 management for chemical and related industries: issues, opportunities and challenges
Energy | Availability/ Installed capacity | Utilization | Global energy consumption | Required electricity | Perspectives-Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fossil fuels | |||||
 Oil | 1656 Bb | 34.24Bb/year | 32.9% | 4.1% | ? |
 Coal | 891.53 Bt | 7.80 Bt/year | 30% | 39.3% | Decreasing production |
 Natural gas | 1.87 × 105 Bcm | 3538.60 Bcm/year | 24% | 22.9% | Increasing production |
All these sources release CO2 | |||||
Nuclear | 382.90 GW | 2.44 × 106 GWh |  | 11% | Safety & hazards issue need to be resolved; potential to supply increased amounts of energy |
Hydro power | 1212.30 GW | 3.97 × 106 GWh |  | 16.4% | Increasing growth in installed capacity |
Solar energy | 227.10 GW | 2.53 × 105 GWh |  | 1% | Scope for improvement; current technology economically not feasible or sustainable |
Wind power | 431.95 GW | 8.4 × 105 GWh | 7% | 4% | Scope for improvement; high cost technology |
Bio-based | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | Availability of substantial sources, ensuring national energy security, enhancing rural employment and agricultural economy, low CO2 emissions. Issues of food versus energy, deforestation, availability of land, etc., need to be resolved. |