Table 1 Summary of mechanochemically prepared catalysts for biomass conversion
From: Advances in mechanochemical processes for biomass valorization
Catalyst | Preparation method | Equipment | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1%wt Fe (Co) /graphene oxide | Ball milling graphene and FeCl2 · 4H2O (or Co(NO3)2 ∙ 6H2O) in a planetary ball mill for 10 min at 350 rpm.. | Retsch-PM-100 planetary ball mill | Production of vanillin from isoeugenol, a lignin-derived feedstock. | [21] |
Fe2O3 supported on Al-SBA-15 | Al-SBA-15, Fe (NO3)3 · 9H2O and propionic acid were used as chemicals and were milled in a planetary ball mill at 350 rpm for 10 min. Finally, the material was calcined at 300 °C for 30 min. | Retsch-PM-100 planetary ball mill | Production of vanillin from vanillyl alcohol, a lignin-derived materials. | [22] |
Graphitic carbon nitride enriched with ZnO or Fe2O3 | ZnO (or Fe2NO3) were supported on graphitic carbon nitride using a mechanical-assisted step in a planetary ball mill for 10 min at 350 rpm. Lastly, the materials were calcined at 300 °C for 3 h | Retsch-PM-100 planetary ball mill | Selective photo-oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. | [23] |
Co oxide nanoparticles supported on mesoporous material | CoCl2 · 6H2O together with 2 g of support were milled at 350 rpm for 10 min in a planetary ball mill; then the materials obtained were calcined at 400 °C for 4 h. | Retsch-PM-100 planetary ball mill | Oxidation of benzyl alcohol and alkylation of toluene. | [24] |
CuAlZn–SBA and CuAl-SBA | Ball milling solid support and CuCl2 • 2H2O in a planetary ball mill for 10 min at 350 rpm, followed by calcination at 400 °C for 4 h. | Retsch-PM-100 planetary ball mill | Microwave-assisted conversion of glucose to products with high added value. | [25] |