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Table 2 Summary of mechanochemically prepared biomass-template catalysts

From: Advances in mechanochemical processes for biomass valorization

Catalyst

Biomass template

Preparation method

Equipment

Application

Ref.

Porous ZnO nanomaterials

Polysaccharides

Ball milling of zinc nitrate and polysaccharide at 350 rpm for 10 min, followed by calcination in air at 400 °C for 4 h.

Retsch-PM-100 planetary ball mill

Photocatalytic phenol degradation

[41]

N-doped carbon

Lignin

Milling the carbonization of lignin, urea and potassium carbonate for 30 min; then carbonization at 800 °C.

Fritsch Pulverisette 7 premium line planetary ball mill

Cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries

[36]

N-doped carbon

Sawdust

Sawdust melamine and/or urea and K2CO3 were milled for 30 min in a zirconia vessel. Then the obtained polymers were carbonized at 800 °C.

Fritsch Pulverisette 7 premium line planetary ball mill

Supercapacitors

[37]