Table 4 Summary of mechanochemically prepared bio-based catalysts for biomass conversion
From: Advances in mechanochemical processes for biomass valorization
Catalyst | Biomass template | Preparation method | Equipment | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humin-based iron oxide catalysts | Humins | Ball milling of FeNO3 · 9H2O or FeCl2 · 4H2O with 4 g of humins for 45 min at 350 rpm. Materials were dried at 100 °C for 12 h and finally subjected to a calcination for 4 h at 400 °C. | Retsch-PM-100 planetary ball mill | Oxidation of isoeugenol to vanillin | [48] |
Polysaccharide-based niobium composites | Polysaccharide | Ball milling of ammonium niobate (V) oxalate hydrate and polysaccharide in a planetary ball for 30 min at 350 rpm; then ovendried at 100 °C for 24 h and calcination at 600 °C for 3 h. | Retsch-PM-100 planetary ball mill | Oxidation of isoeugenol to vanillin | [49] |