Table 6 Pervaporation of 1-butanol from aqueous solution (5 wt.% 1-butanol) using TFC membranes with a PIM-1 separation layer on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) or cellulose acetate (CA) porous supports. Fillers added to the PIM-1 separation layer are modified fumed silica nanoparticles (MNFS), modified carbon black nanoparticles (APTS-CB), small (lateral size in nm range) flakes of octadecyl-functionalised graphene oxide before (GO-ODA-S) and after (rGO-ODA-S) reduction and small flakes of octyl-functionalised reduced graphene oxide (rGO-OA-S)
Filler | Loading (wt%) | Thickness (μm) | Support | Temp. (°C) | β | Total flux (kg m-2 h-1) | PSI (kg m-2 h-1) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[PIM-1] | - | 1 | PVDF | 65 | 13.3 | 9.1 | 112 | [202] |
[PIM-1] | - | - | CA | 20 | 6.3 | 0.54 | 2.9 | [203] |
MNFS | 4 | ca. 10 | CA | 20 | 15.5 | 0.51 | 7.4 | [203] |
[PIM-1] | - | - | CA | 30 | 12.1 | 0.91 | 10 | [204] |
APTS-CB | 4 | ca. 20 | CA | 30 | 19.7 | 1.12 | 21 | [204] |
[PIM-1] | - | 1-1.5 | PVDF | 65 | 13 | 4.3 | 52 | [205] |
GO-ODA-S | 0.05 | 1-1.5 | PVDF | 65 | 15 | 5.7 | 80 | [205] |
rGO-ODA-S | 0.05 | 1-1.5 | PVDF | 65 | 14 | 4.6 | 60 | [205] |
rGO-OA-S | 0.05 | 1-1.5 | PVDF | 65 | 17 | 5.6 | 90 | [205] |