Table 2 Membrane characteristics

Morphology

Porous, symmetric or asymmetric or composite

Thickness

20–100 μm

Porosity

70–80%

Thermal conductivity

high

Materials

- Polymers (e.g., polypropylene, poly-vinylidenefluoride, poly-tetrafluoroethylene, Hyflon AD (2,2,4-trifluoro-5-tri-fluorometoxy-1,3-dioxole), ECTFE (Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethlyene copolymer), etc.)-

Modified hydrophobic ceramic membranes (e.g., by coating hydrophobic polymethylsilsesquioxane aerogels on alumina membrane supports, by applying fluoroalkylsilanes hydrophobic agent on alumina hollow fibers)

-mixed matrix (e.g., fillers of graphene, zeolite, carbon nanotubes, etc.)

Configuration

Flat, hollow fiber, tubular