Fig. 8

Predicted effect of C_d and L_d on NIFTE performance using the NTP-TL model. Two distinct cyclic steady states are detected, denoted by CSS1”’ and CSS2”’, which are overlapping for certain (C_d,L_d) combinations. The effect on both the exegetic efficiency η_ex (left plots) and the average power output \(\dot {W}_{\mathrm {l}}\) (right plots) is shown for each cyclic steady-state. \(C_{\mathrm {d}}^{+}\) and \(L_{\mathrm {d}}^{+}\) refer to C_d and L_d normalized by their respective nominal values in Table 2. The remaining parameters are set to their nominal values. The separatrix between stable and unstable limit cycles are shown in white, with arrows pointing in the direction of stable limit cycles