Table 8 Fluorescence spectroscopy methods

Nile Red

Amphora coffeaformis, Navicula sp., Tropidoneis sp.

n/a

Whole cells

Gravimetric, GC

–

Exc. 488–525

Em. 570–600

1 μg /mL/acetone

[37]

Nile Red (high-throughput microplate assay with mild bleach solution addition)

3 Chlorella species

0.75–40 μg

Lipid extracts suspended in chloroform; whole cells; extracted lipids (25 μL diluted in isopropanol); cells (200 μL OD₆₀₀ 0.35–1.0)

GC/MS, gravimetric, TAG determination with TLC

Corn oil

Exc. 530

Em. 575

4 μg/mL/ DMSO

[165]

Nile Red

Lipomyces starkeyi, Rhodosporidium toluroides, Cryptococcus curvatus,3 Mortierella species

2–5000 μg lipid/mL broth

Whole cells, 100 μL culture broth suspended in 2 mL buffer

GC

–

Exc. 400

Em. 565–585

0.24–0.47 μg/mL/acetone

[179]

Nile Red (High-throughput microplate assay)

9 microalgal species

2.0–20.0 μg/mL

Whole cells, 3 × 10⁶ cells/mL, OD₇₅₀ = 0.06

Gravimetric

Triolein

Exc. 530

Em. 575

0.5 μg/mL /DMSO

[180]

Nile Red

Nannochloropsis sp.

n/a

Whole cells, 3 mL of culture

–

–

Exc. 486

Em. 570

0.26 μM/acetone

[156]

Nile Red

Skeletonema marinoi, Chaetoceros socialis, Alexandrium minutum

0.12–12 μg/mL

Whole cells, 2 mL resuspended in isopropanols and internal standard

–

Triolein

Exc .547

Em.580

0.25 μg/mL

[161]

Nile Red (High-throughput microplate)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhodosporidium diobovatum, Pichia manshurica, Rodosporidium paledigenum, Cryptococcus victoriae

n/a

Whole cells, 250 μL at OD₆₀₀ = 1 in 300 μL total volume

Gravimetric

–

Exc.530

Em. 590

5 μg/mL /DMSO

[162]

Nile Red (High-throuput microplate assay, two-step, microwave assisted)

Pseudochlorococcum sp., Scenedesmus dimorphus, Chlorella zofigiensis

n/a

Whole cells, 5–10 μL algal cells

–

–

Exc. 490

Em. 580

1 μg/mL /DMSO and acetone

[159]

Nile Red (High-throughput assay)

Auxenochlorella protothecoides, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus obliquus

n/a

Whole cells, 5 g/L dry weight, 10 μL algal suspension in 120 μL total volume

–

–

Exc. 530

Em. 604

10 μg/mL /ethanol

[171]

Nile Red

A. protothecoides

Up to 70% dry weight

Whole cells, 1.6 mL

SPV

–

Exc. 495

Em. 540–750

6 μg /mL/ DMSO

[181]

Nile Red (cell treatment with EDTA)

Tetraselmis suecica, 6 microalgal stains

–

Whole cells, 250 μL

–

–

Exc. 530

Em. 590

1.3 μg/mL / acetone

[164]

Nile Red

Nannochloropsis sp.

–

Whole cells, 2 mL

Exc. 480

Em. 575

0.3 and 0.7 μg/mL

for glycerol and DMSO, respectively

[160]

Nile Red (combining ultrasonic treatment and 3D excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy)

Scenedesmus sp.

n/a

Whole cells, 5 mL

Gravimetric

–

Exc. 530

Em. 568

1.5 mg/mL /acetone

[163]

Nile Red

Nannochloropsis oculata, Tisochrysis lutea

n/a

Whole cells, OD₇₅₀ = 0.2

Gravimetric

–

Exc. 570

Em. 670

1.67 or 3.33 μg/mL/ glycerol

[158]

BODIPY 505/515

C. vulgaris, Dunaliella primolecta, Chaetoceros calcitrans

n/a

Whole cells, 10⁶ cells/mL

Nile Red

–

Exc. 480

Em. 590

0.067 μg/mL/DMSO

[168]

AC-202

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Phaeodactylum tricornutum

n/a

Whole cells, 1 mL

Nile Red, BODIPY

–

Exc. 395

Em. BP445/50

10 μM/DMSO

[172]